Just check this out!

I just happened to go to this site while i was searching google for wifi amplifier information, and my my i was really amazed at what this guy has done! wish i did have the time too for making such a cool truck!

yeah check this link out and dont forget to open all the pics..the truck is awsome..

Luxul amps i feel are probably the best of all Wifi Amplifiers.Their feedback and Noise Cancellation is excellent.Even though Hyperlink Technologies is a very popular and old player in RF and Especially Cellular and WIFI technologies, i personally feel, the Luxul 1 Watt amp beats even the Hyperlink amplifier.

here's the link:

http://www.planetamd64.com/lofiversion/index.php/t27919.html

Quad stack 360 2.4Ghz

I had this question posted on a forum, and here are the replies i got..


Hello,
I am planning on installing a Value Point SuperAP 510g 500mw unit with a Quad stack MP12 at a camp ground, the antenna hieght will be around 100ft.
There are areas with moderate to heavy tree coverage and other areas that are wide open.
What kind of coverage can I expect for users of laptops with a standard Dell or Gateway WIFI card. Also users will have SIP WIFI hand held handsets.

Mike


TECHdept714 post sJul 5, 200610:20 AM

Pure estimate...1/4-1/2 mile...Height of Base station antenna matters a lot; 10' above the top of the trees is miminimum optimally desired height and every 30' difference in height makes a substantial change in performance.

see:http://www.wifi-plus.shoppingcartsplus.com/releases/release/975741/3207.htm

jacobsstcg1 post Aug 6, 200610:54 PM

I work for a University in Central California and we just deployed an Quad Stack 360 in small 14 unit housing development that we use for dorm rooms. Our intention was to allow approximately 20 students from 7 or 8 of the units (the farthest being about 500' away)to connect through the Quad Stack. Our Quad Stack is mounted to the eve of the house on a 10 foot antenna pole which puts the antenna at about 2 feet above the roof line, and 18 feet above the ground. The antenna is connected to an Aruba AP70 with 40' of LMR400 cable and one 8' N - RPSMA pigtail.

The AP70 is set to output 250mW and we are only utilizing the B/G channels. Anyways in our testing with a standard Intel 2915AG card built into a Dell laptop we are only able to obtain a link from about 200' feet away with only one tree obstructing the line of sight (no walls).

Anyways has anyone else had a similar problem, or know how to increase range? What can we try to adjust to increase range?

TECHdept721 post sAug 7, 20066:28 AM

Raise the antenna (with the white radomes facing down).
Turn the Aruba down to 100mW and add a 500mW -to- 1 Watt amp/pre-amp.
Let us know here of your then success.

jacobsstcg2 post sAug 7, 200611:20 AM

Thanks. How high would you recommend that we raise the antenna? Also do you have any recommendation on a good amp?

jacobsstcg3 post sAug 7, 200612:00 PM

Sorry about all the questions, being new to these antennas I want to get a much info as possible. I am looking into getting one of the 500mW Luxul Smart Amps, however based upon my calculation with a 500mW amp and the 12 dBi Quad Stack antenna minus our cable loss from the 40' of LMR400 we end up with approximately 35.2 dBm which is just under the maximum EIRP of 36 dBm. Based upon the opinion of the people with experience with these antennas do you think that will be enough to cover 400 - 500 feet with light trees and going through some regular home walls? I am tempted to go with the Luxul 1W Smart Amp just to be safe but then I will be up to about 38.2 dBm which is over the FCC limit which if possible I would like to stay under. So do I need the 1W amp, or do you think the 500mW will work fine.

TECHdept722 post sAug 7, 200612:55 PM

Sorry about all the questions, being new to these antennas I want to get a much info as possible. I am looking into getting one of the 500mW Luxul Smart Amps, however based upon my calculation with a 500mW amp and the 12 dBi Quad Stack antenna minus our cable loss from the 40' of LMR400 we end up with approximately 35.2 dBm which is just under the maximum EIRP of 36 dBm.[Good news...Actually the anechoic laboratory chamber measured gain of the antenna is 7dBi ...with significant additional EFFECTIVE gain in the obstructed environment. Therfore, you may use a full one watt amp with minimal jumper/connector loss.That said, it would be best to use the (1-watt) amp/pre-amp up at the antenna BEFORE jumper losses are seen (transmit AND receive).]

Based upon the opinion of the people with experience with these antennas do you think that will be enough to cover 400 - 500 feet with light trees and going through some regular home walls?[YES.]

I am tempted to go with the Luxul 1W Smart Amp just to be safe but then I will be up to about 38.2 dBm which is over the FCC limit which if possible I would like to stay under. So do I need the 1W amp, or do you think the 500mW will work fine. [See above.Luxul is good....RFLINX is highly recommended.]

TECHdept723 post sAug 7, 200612:57 PM

Of course, 10' (+) above the trees is minimum for highly effective HeadEnd deployment for a WMAN/WWAN.HOWEVER, here it would be good to see 50' above ground (HAAAT)...at least 30' !! lol.. :)

jacobsstcg4 post sOct 2, 200610:39 AM

We have the Quad Stack now installed 45' off the ground with a 2 watt RFLinx amp (2400LGX-2W). Most of the students that will be connected to this are about 75-200' feet away from the antenna with a wall and some medium to light trees between their computer and the quad stack. We have set the Aruba to every available power output, and have insured that the channel it is on (11) is not being used by any other devices nearby. We are still only recieving unusable signal at approximately 100-125' feet however. I would have thought our range would have been a lot greater out of this setup. When we disconnect the Aruba from the antenna we lose signal completely so we know that the Aruba is transmitting/recieving through the Quad-Stack antenna. Any ideas on what the problem may be?

TECHdept733 post sOct 3, 20069:41 AM

Hmmm...Something is wrong...Do you have another AP/wireless router you can try (Another Aruba may or may not yield similar results; do you have another brand AP/Wireless router if needed..even an off-the-shelf Linksys?)?

After that, only if needed, do you have another type of antenna from us, such as our MP-Tech. Single Sector antenna??...Maybe you would do better in this scenario with a beam-directional antenna rather than an omni-directional type.

Long Range WiFi

Introduction

Since the development of the Wi-Fi radio standard, great leaps in the technology's abilities have been made. In one area, range, Wi-Fi has been pushed to an extreme, and both commercial and residential applications of this Long Range Wi-Fi have cropped up around the world. It has also been used in experimental trials in the developing world to link communities separated by difficult geography with little or no connectivity options. Instead of expensive cellular networks, microwave or satellite links, Long Range Wi-Fi is used for low-cost, unregulated point-to-point connections.

Applications

Business

1.provide coverage to a large office or business complex or campus.

2.Establish Point to point link between large skyscrapers or other office buildings.

3.Bring Internet to remote construction sites or research labs.

Residential

1.Bring internet to a home if regular cable cannot be hooked up at the location.

2.Bring internet to a vacation home or cottage on a remote mountain or on a lake.

3.Bring internet to a Yacht or Large sea-faring vessel.

4.share a neighborhood Wi-Fi network.

Companies providing Long Range WiFi kits

Probably the most well-known company that manufactures these kits is RadioLabs. Based out of Colorado, radiolabs offers a variety of pre-designed kits, or allows one to buy all the necessary components to make their own setup.

Increasing range in other ways

802.11N (Mimo)

802.11N is a feature that now comes standard in many routers, this technology works by using multiple antennas to target one or more sources to increase speed. But in tests, the speed increase was said to only occur over short distances rather than the long range needed for most point to point setups.

Power increase

Another way of adding range to your Wi-Fi network is by hooking a power amplifier into your existing antenna. Commonly known as "range extender amplifiers" these small devices add usually around ½ watt of power to the antenna these amplifiers have been tested to give more than 5x the range to your existing network. In the Case of the Popular Linksys WRT54G The RadioLabs 2.4 GHZ range extender amplifier increases the stock power of the WRT54G from 18Db to 38Db an increase of power by 211%. These power amplifiers offer a cheap, minimal setup that can easily be added to any existing network.

High-gain antennas and protocol hacking

Specially-shaped antennas can be used to increase the range of a WiFi transmission without having to drastically increase transmission power. Parabolic high-gain antennas allow transmitting over distances of several kilometers. The standard 802.11 protocol stacks can also be modified to make them more suitable for long distance, point-to-point usage, at the risk of breaking interoperability with other WiFi devices and suffering interference from transmitters located near the antenna.

Enemies of Long range Wi-Fi

Because of the range that is stretched out of a Wi-Fi connection with a long range setup, the connection sometimes becomes fragile and volatile. This allows mundane things to be a problem for these connections; the following are a few.

The world Record for Wi-Fi Range

Microserv Computer Technologies, based in Idaho Falls, and Trango Broadband Wireless, a fixed-wireless broadband equipment maker, on August 14, 2005 set the record for the longest Wi-Fi transmission at 137.2 miles Using gear from Trango, Microserv established the wireless link between two mountaintops in Idaho using the 2.4GHz and 5.8 Ghz wireless spectrum. The link was able to transmit an FTP file transfer at the rate of 2.3 megabits per second. The equipment used was not based on standard 802.11 wireless technology, but was new experimental technology from Trango. The companies used external PacWireless 2-foot dishes to transmit the radio signals.

The Cool new VoIP and its disadvantages

I do know that theres a lot of cool new stuff coming into the VoIP world.Nowadays it seems that VoIP sector has overlapped the Telecom sector by many folds.But there are some issues with VoIP mainly – Delay and Echo. Although these problems are not so great so as not to subscribe to a VoIP service as there issues are minor as compared to the cost involved in regular Long distance dialing.I do know that the delay is annoying some times especially when you are talking to some one important.

Another issue is that of E911 service calls although some providers do make available the E911 service I believe.

The major advantage is the cost savings.The cost do exceed these minor issues.VoIP is a good alternative to the regular telephone line if your monthly regular phone bill.
Eventually these issues might change and the technology might tackle these issues.These only time will tell.

What is WiMax?

WiMAX is defined as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access by the WiMAX Forum, formed in June 2001 to promote conformance and interoperability of the IEEE 802.16 standard, officially known as WirelessMAN. The Forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL."

Uses

Broadband Access

Many companies are closely examining WiMAX for "last mile" connectivity at high data rates. This could result in lower pricing for both home and business customers as competition lowers prices.

In areas without pre-existing physical cable or telephone networks, WiMAX may be a viable alternative for broadband access that has been economically unavailable. Prior to WiMAX, many operators have been using proprietary fixed wireless technologies for broadband services.

WiMAX subscriber units are available in both indoor and outdoor versions from several manufacturers. Self install indoor units are convenient, but the subscriber must be significantly closer to the WiMAX base station than with professionally installed units. As such, indoor installed units require a much higher infrastructure investment as well as operational cost (site lease, backhaul, maintenance) due to the high number of base stations required to cover a given area. Indoor units are comparable in size to a cable modem or DSL modem. Outdoor units allow for the subscriber to be much further away from the WiMAX base station, but usually require professional installation. Outdoor units are roughly the size of a textbook, and their installation is comparable to a residential satellite dish.

Limitations

A commonly held misconception is that WiMAX will deliver 70 Mbit/s, over 70 miles (112.6 kilometers). Each of these is true individually, given ideal circumstances, but they are not simultaneously true. In practice this means that in line-of-sight environments you could deliver symmetrical speeds of 10Mbps at 10km but in urban environments it is more likely that 30% of installations may be non-line-of-sight and therefore users may only receive 10Mbps over 2km. WiMAX has some similarities to DSL in this respect, where one can either have high bandwidth or long reach, but not both simultaneously. The other feature to consider with WiMAX is that available bandwidth is shared between users in a given radio sector, so if there are many active users in a single sector, each will get reduced bandwidth. However, unlike SDSL where contention is very noticeable at a 5:1 ratio (if you are sharing your connection with a large media firm for example), WiMAX does not have this problem. Typically each cell has a whole 100Mbps backhaul so there is no contention here. In practice, many users will have a range of 2-, 4-, 6-, 8- or 10Mbps services and the bandwidth can be shared. If the network becomes busy the business model is more like GSM or UMTS than DSL. It is easy to predict capacity requirements as you add customers and additional radio cards can be added on the same sector to increase the capacity.

Spectrum Allocations issues

The 802.16 specification applies across a wide swath of the RF spectrum. However, specification is not the same as permission to use. There is no uniform global licensed spectrum for WiMAX. In the US, the biggest segment available is around 2.5 GHz, and is already assigned, primarily to Sprint Nextel and Clearwire. Elsewhere in the world, the most likely bands used will be around 3.5 GHz, 2.3/2.5 GHz, or 5 GHz, with 2.3/2.5 GHz probably being most important in Asia. In addition, several companies have announced plans to utilize the WiMAX standard in the 1.7/2.1 GHz spectrum band recently auctioned by the FCC, for deployment of "Advanced Wireless Services" (AWS).
There is some prospect in the United States that some of a 700 MHz band might be made available for WiMAX use, but it is currently assigned to analog TV and awaits the complete rollout of digital TV before it can become available, likely by 2009. In any case, there will be other uses suggested for that spectrum if and when it actually becomes open.

It seems likely that there will be several variants of 802.16, depending on local regulatory conditions and thus on which spectrum is used, even if everything but the underlying radio frequencies is the same. WiMAX equipment will not, therefore, be as portable as it might have been - perhaps even less so than WiFi, whose assigned channels in unlicensed spectrum vary little from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.

The actual radio bandwidth of spectrum allocations is also likely to vary. Typical allocations are likely to provide channels of 5 MHz or 7 MHz. In principle the larger the bandwidth allocation of the spectrum, the higher the bandwidth that WiMAX can support for user traffic.

Strix Systems Gets Strategic Investment From Samsung

CORE NEWS FACTS

Strix Systems, technology and market leader in wireless mesh networking, receives strategic investment from Samsung Ventures America, the US based venture capital investment arm for Samsung Venture Investment Corporation (SVIC).

Samsung Ventures has seen significant WiFi/WiMAX opportunities worldwide, especially in areas of next generation mobile broadband through wireless mesh, and wireless backhaul for 3G and WiMAX via advanced mesh technology.

Samsung Ventures has reviewed nearly all wireless mesh products on the market, and believes that Strix has the best solutions, especially in supporting mobility, voice and video over wireless mesh.

Samsung Electronics, the market leader in WiMAX equipment, is a key player in driving the worldwide adoption and deployment of WiMAX.

Samsung Ventures is committed to support for partnership opportunities in deployments and product development between Strix Systems and Samsung Electronics.

KEY WORDS

Samsung, Samsung Ventures America, Samsung Venture Investment Corporation (SVIC), Mobile WiMAX, RAS, U-RAS Mini, U-RAS HS, multi-service wireless network, high-speed wireless access, 802.11, wireless mesh, wireless mesh networks, wireless mesh manufacture, wireless mesh architecture, wireless mesh equipment, mesh wireless, mesh wireless network, mesh wireless network equipment, mesh network, wifi mesh, mesh wifi, outdoor wireless, outdoor wireless networks, outdoor mesh networks, outdoor mesh wireless, mesh wireless technology, wireless mesh technology, multi radio, multi-radio architecture, multi-radio wireless mesh, multi-radio mesh, municipal wireless, municipal networks, municipal mesh networks, metropolitan wireless, metropolitan networks, metropolitan mesh networks, metro mesh, broadband wireless equipment, wireless broadband equipment, wireless backhaul, cellular backhaul, public safety networks, mobility, roaming, wireless networking solution, city-wide wireless, wireless network equipment , country-wide wireless

About Samsung Ventures America

Samsung Ventures America manages US investment and investment-related activities for Samsung Electronics and Samsung Venture Investment Corporation (SVIC) from local offices in San Jose. The investment mandate for Samsung Ventures America tracks closely to the strategic priorities of Samsung Electronics' core operating divisions, and encompasses investments in semiconductors, displays, telecommunications, and consumer electronics. Samsung Ventures America is currently actively investing in leading technology companies from a $400 million fund.

NOTE: Strix Systems and Access/One Network are registered trademarks, in the United States and certain other countries, of Strix Systems. Additional company and product names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of the individual companies and are respectfully acknowledged

Microprocessors : A detailed explanation

Well first of all let me make it clear. Microprocessor is that component of the computer which is also known as the CPU of the computer. It is actually the brains of a computer and does all the main operations. I use the terms CPU and microprocessor interchangeably.

Some of the major manufacturers of the microprocessors are AMD, Intel, and Cyrix

Microprocessors aren’t stand alone i.e. they are attached to the Motherboard which has to be compatible for that particular microprocessor or CPU, as the CPU is very motherboard specific and have to be compatible in both ways.

The Pentium 4 Microprocessor is the most recent microprocessor released by Intel. This type of CPU is of the Socket 370 PGA design using 423 pins and is capable of speeds higher than 1.3 Ghz.

For the common naïve computer user, the Pentium 4 CPU might be thought of as the continuation of its predecessor Pentium 3.But its not so, the Pentium 4 CPU is basically a new design of the IA-32 NetBurst Architecture, based on 0.18 micron construction technology.Also alongwith the new FSB(front side bus), the P4 processor also features new WPN1(Williamette Processor New Instructions)instructions in its instructions set.The L1 cache size has been reduced from 16 KB in the P3 CPU to 8 KB for the Pentium4.The L2 cache is 256 KB and can handle transfers on every clock cycle.

The operating voltage level for the Pentium 4 core is 1.7 Volts.To dissipate the 55 watts of power(heat) that the microprocessor generates at 1.5 Ghz, the case incorporates a metal cap.In addition,firm contact between the microprocessor’s case and the heat sink feature built into the Pentium 4 system board must be maintained.

Pentium clones include AMD,Cyrix etc

DSL – Different types and in-depth review

Most of us must at least have heard about the DSL technology. DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line, which is a recent technology through which we can access high speed internet through our existing telephone lines. And the main beauty of these DSL internet is that we don’t have to access the telephone when we do the internet, unlike the dial –up access. This DSL technology though uses the telephone line for connecting to the ISP, doesn’t block or make the phone busy, because it uses a high frequency of the telephone line, which doesn’t interfere with the regular telephone service.

DSL comes in basically two types –ADSL and SDSL.Both of these have similarities as well as differences. ADSL stands for Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line. The reason it is called ADSL because, the download speeds and upload speeds are different. This is the most common type of DSL type, as most residential users using DSL have this ADSL type. This usually requires that you have a DSL modem which connects to the phone line through a splitter and then you are connected. Cost varies from countries to countries as is usually around 30 to 50 $.

Another type of DSL is SDSL, which stands for Synchronous Digital Subscriber Line. This is usually not the type which most residential users have. This is mostly employed by Corporate companies and enterprise businesses. This is also very expensive and is not cheap.

But do be aware that if you have multiple computers in your house and your ISP gives you with a USB ADSL modem, then it is pretty difficult to share the internet in your LAN. Another issue is that make sure when you have this kind of USB modem, you need a special router.This type of router, should also have a DSL modem feature in them.And specifically if your ISP requires you to dial – in then you must buy a PPPoA or PPPoE enabled router.

I have an ADSL connection and since I have two computers and a laptop, I bought a D-Link wireless router for my house. It was pretty easy to install and is not that difficult for any one to do it.The wireless router is pretty good and does a fine job of giving me flexibility of roaming inside my house and outside as well.

But the only disadvantage with the adsl I feel is that the upload is always much slower than the download speed.While this is great for most normal users, as usually people download a lot of stuff than what they would upload.But for those who want to run a web server on the adsl connection, then it would bog down the speed for your potential visitors, especially if you have interactive content in it like flash and streaming audio and video.

PTT - Push To Talk

Push-to-Talk (PTT), also known as "Press-to-Transmit", is a method of conversing on half-duplex communication lines, including two-way radio, using a momentary button to switch from voice reception mode to transmit mode.

Conventional two-way radios

For commercial, family and amateur two-way radios, PTT is a button that is pressed when needing to transmit with the radio on the tuned frequency or channel. While the PTT button remains unpressed (or "unkeyed"), any radio traffic that is received on the selected channel or frequency is heard through the radio's speaker. Unless the radio supports full-duplex operation, received audio is usually muted while the PTT button is pressed. Simultaneous full-duplex transmission and reception on a radio is generally not supported unless either the transmit and receive frequencies have significant separation between the two frequencies, or two different antennas are used with enough distance between them, or a cavity filter is used, due to an effect known as desensing which cancels out received transmissions.

More recently, the PTT concept has been adopted by cellphone carriers as a way to instantaneously send transmissions to other users on the system, emulating walkie-talkie communications on a mobile phone network.

Current use in mobile telephony

Traditional mobile phone networks and devices utilize full-duplex communications, allowing customers to call other persons on a mobile or land-line network and be able to simultaneously talk and hear the other party. Such communications require a connection to be started by dialing a phone number and the other party answering the call, and the connection remains active until either party ends the call or the connection is dropped due to signal loss or a network outage. Such a system does not allow for casual transmissions to be sent to other parties on the network without first dialing them up, like is allowed on two-way radios. Full-duplex operation on mobile phone networks is made possible by using separate frequencies for transmission and reception.

Mobile Push-to-Talk service, offered by some mobile carriers, adds functionality for individual half-duplex transmissions to be sent to another party on the system without needing an existing connection to be already established. Since the system is half-duplex (utilizing a single frequency), only one user can transmit by PTT at a time; the other party is unable to transmit until the transmitting user unkeys their PTT button. Currently, PTT service is supported only between parties on the same mobile carrier service, and users with different carriers will be unable to transmit to each other by PTT. However, the advancement of this service will likely bring interconnectivity of PTT traffic between different networks in the near future.

In addition to mobile handsets, the Push-to-Talk service might be complemented with fixed PC applications acting as PTT clients connected to the mobile operator via secured Internet links. Some PC clients are designed for heavy load dispatching. This is, coordinating many issues typically caused when managing large fleets from a dispatch center.
When used with GSM and CDMA networks, the PTT service commonly does not use up the regular airtime minutes that are available for general voice calls.

In Canada the service is provided by several carriers including TELUS Mobility (Mike), Bell Mobility and Aliant Mobility (10-4). While using the service, customers do not use registered airtime minutes associated with their voice plan. The service is often offered at a discount to those customers who subscribe to a monthly airtime package. Both Bell and Aliant offer the service which allows customers to use the service in the United States without the occurrence of international roaming charges typically associated with cellular use out of country. Customers using the service in Canada have the ability to contact users across the country without the occurrence of long distance charges. The service is being promoted as a cost effective method for communication which typically runs a high cost. Offered as a solution to businesses and customers who use a great amount of long distance, PTT (Push-to-Talk) service will greatly change the way many consumers do business. The service allows a caller to simultaneously communicate with multiple users at different locations. By doing so, this eliminates multiple airtime charges associated with three-way calling. With the cellular number portability coming into effect by March 2007, the PTT (Push-to-Talk) service is expected to increase greatly with the removal of Roamer Access Numbers by August 2006. Roamer Access Numbers had given the freedom for customers to not incur incoming long distance charges by answering calls outside their local calling area if the caller first dials the Roamer Access Number.

Firewalls – Different types of firewalls

Okay, so you are confused as to what are firewalls and which kind of firewall software should you use.Firewalls are basically a device which acts as a filter between a protected or “inside” network such as a corporate LAN and a less trustworthy or “outside” network such as the internet.Most of the times, this firewall is run on a dedicated device, the reason, since it acts as the go between, between the internal network and the unprotected external network, performance becomes a major issue.It means the device must not be used for nonfirewall purposes which could degrade the performance.Firewall software usually runs on a propriety or carefully minimized operating system, so that hackers don’t compromise the system.

The basic purpose of this firewall is to keep the “bad” things out of the protected environment. To achieve this, they employ complex security policies which address when a security threat has occurred.For example a firewall may have a security policy to allow only traffic from inside to outside, or vice-versa for security concerns. Or it maybe that only particular IP addresses are allowed to connect to the internal protected network, limiting unauthorized traffic and the like.The main issue is however to realize which security policy meets ones organization or computer.

Most of the time a personal firewall for your home PC will suffice.Although in corporate companies and enterprise businesses, a firewall is installed on a separate PC and kept well isolated from the other computer and having direct access to the outside network, Its not feasible for a home user to put a separate computer for such a purpose.Another good thing is that if you already have a router, wired or wireless, then its pretty good acting as a firewall as well.You don’t need to install a firewall software separately for it, as it acts as a go between, between you and the internet. Routers have port redirection capabilities and NAT also.So you’re are lucky because your router will also serve as a firewall.If any hacker tries to hack using your IP address, he will be able to connect only to the Router installed on your internal network, and since the router is only a device, its extremely difficult and literally impossible to connect to your computer as its on a LAN.

Firewalls are of 5 types:

Packet filtering gateways or screening routers

Stateful inspection firewalls

Application proxies

Guards

Personal firewalls

For home users like you and me, Personal firewalls are the best and feasible option. These are software’s which control the flow of traffic to and from your computer. Just as a network firewall screens incoming and outgoing traffic for that network, a personal firewall screens traffic on a single workstation.

Commercial software’s for Personal firewall include, Norton Personal Firewall(from Symantec), McAfee Personal Firewall, and Zone Alarm(from Zone Labs).